|
• Vomiting / nausea
• Hypersalivation
|
Gastrointestinal |
Cardiovascular |
• Dramatic changes in blood pressure
• Tachycardia
• Arrhythmia
• Venous distension
• Cyanotic MM – TACO / TRALI
• Brick-red MM – anaphylaxis
|
|
• Haemoglobulinuria
• Fever
|
Other |
Transfusion reaction
Common clinical signs
|
Respiratory |
• Tachypnoea
• Increased respiratory effort
• Care with small dogs and those suffering from renal or cardiac disease – increased risk of TACO
|
|
• Erythema
• Hives
|
Dermatological |
Neurological |
• Mentation / behavioural changes
• Citrate toxicity = hypocalcaemia = tremors , facial rubbing , seizures
|
Figure 1 . Transfusion reaction – common clinical signs . MM , Mucous membranes ; TACO , transfusion-associated circulatory overload ; TRALI , transfusion-related acute lung injury .
Table 3 . Potential causes of anaemia ( Mills , 2000 ). RBC , Red blood cell .
Increased RBC loss Increased RBC destruction ( haemolysis ) Decreased production of RBCs
• Acute / chronic haemorrhage • Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia
• Pyruvate kinase deficiency
• Onion ingestion
• Zinc toxicosis
• Snake bite
• Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy ( DIC )
• Metastatic tumour
• Heartworm
• Nutritional deficiencies
• Drugs ( e . g . some cytotoxic drugs )
• Chronic disease
• Leukaemia
• Multiple myeloma
• Renal disease
• Hepatopathies
• Endocrine disease
• Babesiosis
42 Veterinary Nursing Journal