REFERENCES
1 Morrison JA, Spofford N, Yang M, Saito E, Lambert L, Faunt K. Development and implementation of veterinary anaesthesia medical quality standards for primary care. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 2022; 49( 3): 233 – 242. Available from: https:// doi. org / 10.1016 / j. vaa. 2022.01.009.
2 Duke-Novakovski T, de Vries M, Seymour C.( eds.) BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 3rd ed. Gloucester: BSAVA; 2016.
3 Livingstone Z. Canine hypotension during general anaesthesia. Veterinary Nursing Journal. 2022; 31( 3): 80 – 82. Available from: https:// bvna. org. uk / blog / canine-hypotension-during-generalanaesthesia-by-zara-livingstone / [ Accessed 20 January 2026 ].
4 Sharman G. Managing anaesthesia – a veterinary nurse ' s role throughout. VN Times. 2021; 21( 8): 6 – 7. Available from: https:// www. vettimes. com / clinical / small-animal / managing-anaesthesia-aveterinary-nurses-role-throughout-cpdanaesthesia [ Accessed 20 January 2026 ].
5 Scislowicz OD. Blood pressure measurement. Clinician ' s Brief. 2018. Available from: https:// www. cliniciansbrief. com / article / bloodpressure-measurement [ Accessed 29 March 2023 ].
6 Latimer Jones K. How to accurately measure blood pressure. The Veterinary Nurse. 2022; 13( 3): 140 – 143. Available from: https:// doi. org / 10.12968 / vetn. 2022.13.3.140.
7 Skelding A, Valverde A. Non-invasive blood pressure measurement in animals: Part 1 – Techniques for measurement and validation of noninvasive devices. Canadian Veterinary Journal. 2020; 61( 4): 368 – 374. Available from: https:// pmc. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / articles / PMC7074114 / [ Accessed 28 February 2026 ].
8 Sierra LK, Savino E. Blood pressure monitoring from a nursing perspective, part 1: overview of blood pressure monitoring. Today ' s Veterinary Nurse. 2015. Available from: https:// todaysveterinarynurse. com / hematology / blood-pressuremonitoring-from-a-veterinary-nursing-perspective / [ Accessed 6 February 2023 ].
9 Murrell J, Ford-Fennah, V. Anaesthesia and analgesia. In: Cooper B, Mullineaux E, Turner L.( eds.) BSAVA Textbook of Veterinary Nursing. 6th ed. Gloucester: BSAVA; 2020. p. 669 – 747.
10 Aspinall V, Ackerman N.( eds.) Aspinall ' s Complete Textbook of Veterinary Nursing. 3rd ed. London: Elsevier; 2016.
11 Dugdale AHA, Beaumont G, Bradbrock C, Gurney M. Veterinary Anaesthesia: Principles to Practice. 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2020.
12 Haskins C. Monitoring anesthetized patients. In: Grimm KA, Leigh A, Lamont WJ, Tranquilli S, Greene A, Robertson SA.( eds.) Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia: The Fifth Edition of Lumb and Jones. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2015. p. 87 – 113.
13 Steagall P. A stepwise approach to the treatment of hypotension in small animal practice. In: World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress Proceedings, 2015. Available from: https:// www. vin. com / apputil / content / defaultadv1. aspx? id = 7259291 & pid = 14365 [ Accessed 20 January 2026 ].
16 Lobetti R, Lambrechts N. Effects of general anesthesia and surgery on renal function in healthy dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2000; 61( 2): 121 – 124. Available from: https:// doi. org / 10.2460 / ajvr. 2000.61.121.
17 Davis J, Rossi G, Cianciolo RE, Ho KM, Hosgood GL, Miller DW, et al. Early diagnosis of acute kidney injury subsequent to severe hypotension and fluid resuscitation in anaesthetized dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 2022; 49( 4): 344 – 353. Available from: https:// doi. org / 10.1016 / j. vaa. 2022.02.006.
18 Gordon AM, Wagner AE. Anesthesia-related hypotension in a small-animal practice. DVM360. 2006. Available from: https:// www. dvm360. com / view / anesthesia-related-hypotension-small-animalpractice [ Accessed 20 January 2026 ].
19 Costa RS, Raisis AL, Hosgood G, Musk GC. Frequency of hypotension in a historical cohort of anaesthetised dogs undergoing elective desexing. Australian Veterinary Practitioner. 2013; 43( 2): 414 – 419. Available from: https:// www. dvm360. com / view / anesthesia-related-hypotensionsmall-animal-practice [ Accessed 20 January 2026 ].
20 Costa RS, Raisis AL, Hosgood G, Musk GC. Preoperative factors associated with hypotension in young anaesthetised dogs undergoing elective desexing. Australian Veterinary Journal. 2015; 93( 4); 99 – 104. Available from: https:// doi. org / 10.1111 / avj. 12306.
21 Valverde A, Gianotti G, Rioja-Garcia E, Hathway A. Effects of high-volume, rapid-fluid therapy on cardiovascular function and hematological values during isoflurane-induced hypotension in healthy dogs. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research. 2012; 76( 2): 99 – 108. Available from: https:// pmc. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / articles / PMC3314442 / [ Accessed 20 January 2026 ].
22 Hughston L. Go with the flow: the basics of fluid therapy for small animal veterinary technicians. Today ' s Veterinary Nurse. 2016. Available from: https:// todaysveterinarynurse. com / internalmedicine / the-basics-of-fluid-therapy-for-small-animal-veterinarytechnicians / [ Accessed 20 January 2026 ].
23 MacFarlane PD, Grint N, Dugdale A. Comparison of invasive and non-invasive blood pressure monitoring during clinical anaesthesia in dogs. Veterinary Research Communications. 2010; 34( 3): 217 – 227. Available from: https:// doi. org / 10.1007 / s11259-010-9346-9.
24 Rysnick MK, Cripps P, Iff I. A clinical comparison between a noninvasive blood pressure monitor using high definition oscillometry( Memodiagnostic MD 15 / 90 Pro) and invasive arterial blood pressure measurement in anaesthetized dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 2013; 40( 5): 503 – 511. Available from: https:// doi. org / 10.1111 / vaa. 12035.
25 Bradbrook C. Advanced patient monitoring during anaesthesia: part one. Vet Times. 2013. Available from: https:// www. vettimes. co. uk / app / uploads / wp-post-to-pdf-enhanced-cache / 1 / advancedpatient-monitoring-during-anaesthesia-part-one. pdf [ Accessed 29 March 2023 ].
14 Sturgess K. Management and treatment of hypotension and hypertension. Vet Times. 2016. Available from: https:// www. vettimes. com / news / vets / small-animal-vets / management-and-treatment-ofhypotension-and-hypertension [ Accessed 7 February 2023 ].
15 Rankin DC. Sedatives and tranquilizers. In: Grimm KA, Leigh A, Lamont WJ, Tranquilli S, Greene A, Robertson SA.( eds.) Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia: The Fifth Edition of Lumb and Jones. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2015. p. 196 – 206.
40 Veterinary Nursing Journal