VNJ Volume 40 (6) December 2025

Plus-Hex CLINICAL

16 Hall EJ, Fleming A, Carter AJ. Investigating the use of non-contact infrared thermometers in cats and dogs. The Veterinary Nurse. 2019; 10( 2): 109 – 115. Available from: http:// doi. org / 10.12968 / vetn. 2019.10.2.109.

17 Piccione G, Giudice E, Fazio F, Refinetti R. Association between obesity and reduced body temperature in dogs. International Journal of Obesity. 2011; 35( 8): 1011 – 1018. Available from: https:// doi. org / 10.1038 / ijo. 2010.253.

18 Clark-Price SC, Dossin O, Jones KR, Otto AN, Weng HY. Comparison of three different methods to prevent heat loss in healthy dogs undergoing 90 minutes of general anesthesia. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 2013; 40( 3): 280 – 284. Available from: https:// doi. org / 10.1111 / vaa. 12010.

19 Zanghi BM, Gardner C, Araujo J, Milgram NW. Diurnal changes in core body temperature, day / night locomotor activity patterns, and actigraphy-generated behavioral sleep in aged canines with varying levels of cognitive dysfunction. Neurobiology of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms. 2016; 1( 1): 8 – 18. Available from: https:// doi. org / 10.1016 / j. nbscr. 2016.07.001.

20 Blatteis CM. Age-dependent changes in temperature regulation – a mini review. Gerontology. 2011; 58( 4): 289 – 295. Available from: https:// doi. org / 10.1159 / 000333148.

21 Grapes NJ, Packer RMA, De Decker S. Clinical reasoning in canine cervical hyperaesthesia: which presenting features are important? Veterinary Record. 2020; 187( 11): 448. Available from: https:// doi. org / 10.1136 / vr. 105818.

22 Platt S, Freeman AC. Neck and back pain. In: Platt SR, Olby NJ.( eds.) BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Neurology. Gloucester: BSAVA; 2013. p. 252 – 270.

23 Rufiange M, Leung VSY, Simpson K, Pang DSJ. Pre-warming following premedication limits hypothermia before and during anesthesia in Sprague-Dawley rats( Rattus norvegicus). Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research. 2021; 85( 2): 106 – 111.

24 Rose N, Kwong GPS, Pang DSJ. A clinical audit cycle of postoperative hypothermia in dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 2016; 57( 9): 447 – 452. Available from: https:// doi. org / 10.1111 / jsap. 12547.

25 Talke P, Tayefeh F, Sessler DI, Jeffrey R, Noursalehi M, Richardson C. Dexmedetomidine does not alter the sweating threshold, but comparably and linearly decreases the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds. Anesthesiology. 1997; 87( 4): 835 – 841. Available from: https:// doi. org / 10.1097 / 00000542-199710000-00017.

26 Granholm M, McKusick BC, Westerholm FC, Aspegrén JC. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy and safety of intramuscular and intravenous doses of dexmedetomidine and medetomidine in dogs and their reversal with atipamezole. Veterinary Record. 2007; 160( 26): 891 – 897. Available from: https:// doi. org / 10.1136 / vr. 160.26.891.

27 Kurz A, Go JC, Sessler DI, Kaer K, Larson MD, Bjorksten AR. Alfentanil slightly increases the sweating threshold and markedly reduces the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds. Anesthesiology. 1995; 83( 2): 293 – 299. Available from: https:// doi. org / 10.1097 / 00000542-199508000-00009.

28 Spencer RL, Hruby VJ, Burks TF. Alteration of thermoregulatory set point with opioid agonists. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1990; 252( 2): 696 – 705. Available from: https:// doi. org / 10.1016 / S0022-3565( 25) 19977-1.

29 Shimizu Y, Kanda T, Kutara K, Ohnishi A, Saeki K, Miyabe M, et al. Effect of hot water bottles on body temperature during magnetic resonance imaging in dogs under general anesthesia: a retrospective study. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9( 12): 660. Available from: https:// doi. org / 10.3390 / vetsci9120660.

30 Degan A, Tudor R, Costea R, Bîrțoiu D, Săvescu M, Șonea A. Evaluation of rectal and skin temperature variations of anesthetised dogs undergoing magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis. Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Veterinary Medicine. 2019; 76( 2): 209 – 214. Available from: https:// doi. org / 10.15835 / buasvmcn-vm: 2019.0024.

31 Kongsayreepong S, Chaibundit C, Chadpaibool J, Komoltri C, Suraseranivongse S, Suwannanonda P, et al. Predictor of core hypothermia and the surgical intensive care unit. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2003; 96( 3): 826 – 833. Available from: https:// doi. org / 10.1213 / 01. ane. 0000048822.27698.28.

32 Tander B, Baris S, Karakaya D, Ariturk E, Rizalar R, Bernay F. Risk factors influencing inadvertent hypothermia in infants and neonates during anesthesia. Pediatric Anesthesia. 2005; 15( 7): 574 – 579. Available from: https:// doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1460-9592.2005.01504. x.

33 Aarnes TK, Bednarski RM, Lerche P, Hubbell JAE. Effect of prewarming on perioperative hypothermia and anesthetic recovery in small breed dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Canadian Veterinary Journal. 2017; 58( 2): 175 – 179.

34 BVA. BVA, BVNA, BVZS and BEVA policy position on obesity in dogs, cats, horses, donkeys and rabbits. 2020. Available from: https:// www. bva. co. uk / take-action / our-policies / companion-animal-obesitydogs-cats-horses-donkeys-and-rabbits [ Accessed 26 March 2023 ].

35 Kreisler RE, MacDonald LJ, Mensing RN, Hoffmann ER, Keary CG, Padilla KN, et al. Effects of peripheral active warming and passive insulation on core body temperature during feline ovariohysterectomy: a multi-arm randomized clinical trial. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2023; 25( 3): 1098612X231157585. Available at: https:// doi. org / 10.1177 / 1098612X231157585.

36 Franklin MA, Rochat MC, Payton ME, Broaddus KD, Bartels KE. Comparison of three intraoperative patient warming systems. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association. 2012; 48( 1): 18 – 24. Available from: https:// doi. org / 10.5326 / jaaha-ms-5650.

EXCLUSIVE

DIGITAL CONTENT

AVAILABLE ONLY IN THE DIGITAL EDITION

Appendix 1 First author ' s full dissertation

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VNJ Volume 40 (6) December 2025 | Page 49

EXCLUSIVE