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1. a) BVA 2. b) Fat pad 3. c) 5 – 10 mg / l 4. b) Cranial half
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1 RCVS. Euthanasia of animals. 2024. Available from: https:// www. rcvs. org. uk / setting-standards / advice-and-guidance / code-ofprofessional-conduct-for-veterinary-surgeons / supportingguidance / euthanasia-of-animals / [ Accessed 25 September 2025 ].
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13 Chitty J, Raftery A. Essentials of Tortoise Medicine and Surgery. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2013.
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15 Minter LJ, Bailey KM, Harms CA, Lewbart GA, Posner LP. The efficacy of alfaxalone for immersion anesthesia in koi carp( Cyprinus carpio). Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 2014; 41( 4): 398 – 405. Available from: https:// doi. org / 10.1111 / vaa. 12113.
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20 Schott R. Reptile wildlife euthanasia techniques. Lafeber Vet. 2020. Available from: https:// lafeber. com / vet / wp-content / uploads / 2020 / 06 / Wildlife-Euthanasia-Outline-reptile-expandedcase-example-notes. pdf [ Accessed 25 September 2025 ].
21 Girling S, Raiti P.( eds.) BSAVA Manual of Reptiles. Gloucester: BSAVA; 2004.
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Volume 40( 6) • December 2025
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