Plus-Hex CLINICAL are connected between the endotracheal tube and breathing system and are termed heat-and-moisture exchangers ( HMEs ). Some include a microbial filter ( HMEFs ) and usually they also contain a sampling port for capnography . However , a simpler way to reduce the instance of the patient losing heat and moisture through the provision of cold inspired gases because of higher FGF rates is to lower the rate , if possible [ 12 , 13 ] .
4 . Which of the capnograms below is representative of a positive FiCO 2
( inspired CO 2 level )?
( a )
Conclusions
The use of capnography and capnograms to monitor the instance of rebreathing CO 2 while reducing FGF can aid in reducing waste anaesthetic gases that have an impact on the environment . However , care must be taken to stay within the safety limits of the chosen equipment [ 19 ] .
Reducing waste anaesthetic gases will also improve the consumption of oxygen and inhalational agents by the practice and will therefore reduce purchasing costs .
More sustainable anaesthesia is already within reach and there are many more achievements to come in this area of veterinary medicine .
( b )
( c )
Assessment of learning
1 . What is the maximum acceptable FiCO 2 level ?
( d )
( a ) 3 mmHg ( b ) 5 mmHg ( c ) 7 mmHg ( d ) 10 mmHg
2 . ETCO 2 is dependant on which patient factors ? ( a ) Temperature , pulse and respiration ( b ) Metabolism , circulation / perfusion , ventilation ( c ) Body condition , body weight , surface area ( d ) Positioning , age , comorbidities
5 . What are the two inhalational agents with the highest GWP 100
? ( a ) Isoflurane and halothane ( b ) Desflurane and sevoflurane
( c ) Nitrous oxide and isoflurane ( d ) Desflurane and nitrous oxide
3 . What is the metabolic oxygen requirement for small animal patients quantified as ?
( a ) 10 ml / kg / min ( b ) 20 ml / kg / min ( c ) 5 ml / kg / min ( d ) 8 ml / kg / min
1 . ( c ) 7 mmHg 2 . ( b ) Metabolism , circulation / perfusion , ventilation 3 . ( a ) 10 ml / kg / min 4 . ( d ) 5 . ( d ) Desflurane and nitrous oxide
Answers
Volume 38 ( 4 ) • August 2023
39